KIPLIN METALS SET TO BEGIN EXPLORATION PROGRAM AT CLUFF LAKE ROAD URANIUM PROJECT IN SASKATCHEWAN

Vancouver, British Columbia – May 9th, 2023 – Kiplin Metals Inc. (TSX-V: KIP) (“Kiplin” or the “Company”) is delighted to announce the upcoming launch of its summer geophysical program at the Cluff Lake Road (CLR) uranium project situated in northwestern Saskatchewan, scheduled for June 2023. The Company’s geological team is set to receive the necessary permit by the end of May and aims to mobilize on-site by June.

The CLR property lies in a region with strong prospects for uranium deposits. Kiplin’s summer program will include at least 8 line-kilometres of Induced Polarization (IP) resistivity geophysical surveying, running approximately in an east-west orientation. The program’s objective is to generate fresh targets for subsequent drilling and to better delineate the uranium mineralization at the CLR project.

“We are excited to start our exploration program on the CLR uranium project,” said Peter Born, Director of Kiplin. “The region has shown great potential for uranium deposits, and we believe that our summer program will identify new targets for follow-up drilling, adding value for our shareholders.”

The Company’s CLR property is surrounded by F3 Uranium Corp.’s prominent Paterson Lake North (PLN) project, which recently revealed the discovery of the JR high-grade uranium zone in November 2022. F3 announced intersections in drill hole PLN22-038, comprising 11.0 meters averaging 4.20 percent triuranium octoxide, including a 4.5-meter interval averaging 9.8 percent U3O8. This indicates the presence of the latest basement-hosted uranium deposit in Athabasca, akin to Fission Uranium Corp.’s Triple R uranium deposit.

Kiplin will conduct its exploration activities adhering to the highest environmental management standards and maintain close cooperation with local stakeholders, including indigenous communities. The Company will initiate dialogue and consultations with indigenous partners and stakeholders, continuing throughout the permitting, exploration, and closure stages.

The Company will provide updates on the scheduling of its permitting and work program as and when they are available.  The Company advises that discoveries and observations on nearby properties do not necessarily imply the existence of similar mineralization or geological features on the Company’s properties.

The Company will release updates regarding its permitting and work program schedules as information becomes available. Kiplin emphasizes that findings and observations on neighbouring properties do not necessarily indicate the presence of comparable mineralization or geological characteristics on the Company’s properties.

Dr. Peter Born, PGeo, is the designated qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101 and is responsible for and has approved the technical information contained in this release.

About Kiplin Metals Inc.

Kiplin Metals Inc. is a mineral exploration company that aims to generate value for its shareholders by identifying and pursuing highly prospective mineral exploration opportunities. Our strategy involves advancing projects from discovery to production through a vertically integrated approach, ensuring exceptional shareholder value is delivered across the entire mining process life-cycle.

Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project. Kiplin Metals has the right to earn a one-hundred percent interest in the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project (the “CLR Project”).  The CLR Project covers ~531 ha in the southwestern Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, where several new discoveries have been made, including the Arrow and Triple R Uranium deposits. The CLR Project is 5 km east of the Cluff Lake Road (Hwy 955), which leads to the historic Cluff Lake Mine, which historically produced approximately 62,000,000 lbs of yellowcake uranium.

For further information, contact the Company at [email protected], or visit the Company’s website at www.kiplinmetals.com.

On behalf of the Board,

Kiplin Metals Inc.

For further information, contact the Company at 604-622-1199.

On behalf of the Board of Directors,

“Peter Born”

Director

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

This news release may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements within, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. There can be no assurances that such statements will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required under the applicable laws.


KIPLIN METALS APPLYING FOR GEOPHYSICAL PERMITS FOR THE CLUFF LAKE ROAD (“CLR”) URANIUM PROJECT IN SASKATCHEWAN

VANCOUVER, British Columbia, April 25th, 2023 Kiplin Metals Inc. (TSX-V: KIP) (the “Company” or “Kiplin”) is pleased to announce  that its contractor, Grander Exploration, will be applying for the required exploration permits for the Company’s summer geophysical program at the Cluff Lake Road (CLR) uranium project in northwestern Saskatchewan.

The CLR property belonging to the Company is encircled by F3 (“F3”) Uranium Corp.’s (formerly Fission 3.0) high-profile Paterson Lake North (PLN) project. F3 announced the discovery of the JR high-grade uranium zone in November 2022, with reported intersections (refer to F3 press release dated Feb. 6, 2023) in drill hole PLN22-038, consisting of 11.0 meters averaging 4.20 percent triuranium octoxide, including a 4.5-meter interval averaging 9.8 percent U3O8, indicating the existence of the newest basement-hosted uranium deposit in Athabasca, similar to Fission Uranium Corp.’s Triple R uranium deposit.

Kiplin’s summer program will encompass a minimum of 8 line-kilometres of Induced Polarization (IP) resistivity geophysical surveying, running roughly in an east-west direction. The Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment will be approached for the necessary permits, and the Company will initiate engagement and consultations with its indigenous partners and stakeholders, which will continue throughout the phases of permitting, exploration, and closure. The Company will provide updates on the scheduling of its permitting and work program as and when they are available.

Dr. Peter Born, PGeo, is the designated qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101 and is responsible for and has approved the technical information contained in this release.

About Kiplin Metals Inc.

Kiplin Metals Inc. is a mineral exploration company that aims to generate value for its shareholders by identifying and pursuing highly promising mineral exploration prospects. Our approach is to advance our projects from discovery to production, employing a vertically integrated strategy that enables us to deliver exceptional shareholder value throughout the entire mining process life-cycle.

 

 

Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project. Kiplin Metals has the right to earn a one-hundred percent interest in the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project (the “CLR Project”).  The CLR Project covers ~531 ha in the southwestern Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, where several new discoveries have been made, including the Arrow and Triple R Uranium deposits. The CLR Project is 5 km east of the Cluff Lake Road (Hwy 955), which leads to the historic Cluff Lake Mine, which historically produced approximately 62,000,000 lbs of yellowcake uranium.

For further information, contact the Company at [email protected], or visit the Company’s website at www.kiplinmetals.com.

On behalf of the Board,

Kiplin Metals Inc.

For further information, contact the Company at 604-622-1199.

On behalf of the Board of Directors,

“Peter Born”

Director

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

This news release may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements within, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. There can be no assurances that such statements will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required under the applicable laws.


KIPLIN METALS RETAINS CONTRACTOR FOR EXPLORATION PROGRAM ON THE CLUFF LAKE ROAD (“CLR”) URANIUM PROJECT, SASKATCHEWAN

April 17th, 2023 Kiplin Metals Inc. (TSX-V: KIP) (the “Company” or “Kiplin”) has appointed Grander Exploration to carry out the upcoming phase of exploration at the Cluff Lake Road (“CLR”) uranium project. The project is located in northwestern Saskatchewan and is surrounded by F3 Uranium Corp.’s (formerly Fission 3.0) (“F3”) highly acclaimed Patterson Lake North (PLN) project.

The western boundary of the Company’s CLR property is shared with F3’s adjacent “North Conductor Complex”, which trends South-Southeast and extends onto the CLR property. Previous owner Fission Uranium Corp. (“FISSION”) and F3 have conducted multiple geophysical surveys, including (VTEM – helicopter-borne versatile time domain Electromagnetic), TEM (HT SQUID and Coil moving-loop TEM), and DC Resistivity, that overlapped the western flank of the CLR property. Grander Exploration and Company personnel are evaluating the most effective type of geophysical surveys to undertake on the CLR property. These surveys will correlate with F3’s previous surveys and will better define and extend the North Conductor Complex on the CLR property. To date, F3 has completed the only one drill hole (PLN22-29) in the area (Press Release November 28, 2022).

Following F3’s recent (November 2022) discovery of the high-grade JR Uranium Zone (located 15 kilometres South-southwest of the CLR property), the Company considers the similarities of the North Conductor Complex on the CLR property as a top exploration priority. F3’s North Conductor Complex consists of three parallel conductors that span a width of one kilometre. The Company believes that all three North Conductors identified by F3 may continue and extend onto the Company’s CLR property. Additionally, the Company has defined both parallel and cross-cutting magnetic lineaments on their CLR property.

The promising geology, alteration, and mineralization observed in the single drill hole (PLN22-029) in the area, along with the presence of multiple EM conductors and magnetic lineaments on the CLR property, make it highly prospective for the discovery of a uranium deposit hosted in the basement. The Company will provide updates on its work plans as soon as they become available.

The Company cautions the discoveries and observations on properties in proximity to the Company’s properties are not necessarily indicative of the presence of similar mineralization or geology on the Company’s properties.

Dr. Peter Born, PGeo, is the designated qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101 and is responsible for and has approved the technical information contained in this release.

About Kiplin Metals Inc.

Kiplin Metals Inc. is a mineral exploration company that creates value for its shareholders by identifying and developing highly prospective mineral exploration opportunities. The company’s vertically integrated strategy aims to advance projects from discovery to production, providing exceptional shareholder value throughout the entire mining process.

One of the projects in Kiplin Metals’ portfolio is the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project, in which the company has the right to earn a one-hundred percent interest. The CLR Project covers an approximate area of 531 hectares in the southwestern Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan. This area has seen several new discoveries, including the Arrow and Triple R Uranium deposits. The CLR Project is located 5 km east of the Cluff Lake Road (Hwy 955), which leads to the historic Cluff Lake Mine. This mine has a production history of approximately 62,000,000 lbs of yellowcake uranium.

For additional information, interested parties may contact the Company at [email protected] or visit its website at www.kiplinmetals.com.

On behalf of the Board,

Kiplin Metals Inc.

For further information, contact the Company at 604-622-1199.

On behalf of the Board of Directors,

“Peter Born”

Director

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

This news release may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements within, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. There can be no assurances that such statements will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required under the applicable laws.


KIPLIN METALS WELCOMES THE PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN’S SUPPORT FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY

April 2nd, 2023 – Kiplin Metals Inc. (TSX-V: KIP) (the “Company” or “Kiplin”) joins major uranium producers in welcoming the Government of Saskatchewan program, “Securing the Future: Saskatchewan’s Critical Minerals Strategy” announced on March 27, 2023 (*).  Highlights of the plan include:

“…The critical minerals strategy supports the objectives set out in the Saskatchewan Growth Plan. The strategy outlines four goals for the sector: to increase Saskatchewan’s share of Canadian mineral exploration spending to 15 per cent by 2030, to double the number of critical minerals being produced in Saskatchewan by 2030, to grow Saskatchewan’s production of potash, uranium and helium, and to establish Saskatchewan as a rare earth element hub.”

The Company is the beneficiary of a 100-per-cent interest in the keystone, Cluff Lake Road (“CLR”) project and controls all exploration and development of the project. The CLR project is strategically located in the southwestern Athabasca Basin of Saskatchewan, surrounded by F3 (“F3”) Uranium Corp.’s (formerly Fission) high profile Paterson Lake North (“PLN”) Project. The PLN Project hosts the newest, basement hosted uranium discovery in the Athabasca Basin, which hosts several of the highest-grade uranium deposits in the world.  The Company is currently applying for the requisite permits for exploration and drilling activities at the CLR project.

Readers are cautioned that the presence of mineralization in areas adjacent to those held by the Company is not necessarily indicative of mineralization that may exist on properties held by the Company.

(*)        Saskatchewan Releases New Critical Minerals Strategy | News and Media | Government of Saskatchewan

Dr. Peter Born, P.Geo., is the designated qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101 and is responsible for, and has approved, the technical information contained in this release.

About Kiplin Metals Inc.

Kiplin Metals Inc. is a mineral exploration company. We create value for our shareholders by identifying and developing highly prospective mineral exploration opportunities. Our strategy is to advance our projects from discovery all the way to production. This vertically integrated strategy allows Kiplin Metals to achieve exceptional shareholder value through the entire life-cycle of the mining process.

Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project. Kiplin Metals has the right to earn a one-hundred percent interest in the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project (the “CLR Project”).  The CLR Project covers ~531 ha in the southwestern Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, where several new discoveries, including the Arrow and Triple R Uranium deposits have been made. The CLR Project is 5 km east of the Cluff Lake Road (Hwy 955), which leads to the historic Cluff Lake Mine, which historically produced approximately 62,000,000 lbs of yellowcake uranium.

For further information, contact the Company at [email protected], or visit the Company’s website at www.kiplinmetals.com.

On behalf of the Board,

Kiplin Metals Inc.

For further information, contact the Company at 604-622-1199.

On behalf of the Board of Directors,

“Peter Born”
Director

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

This news release may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements within, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. There can be no assurances that such statements will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required under the applicable laws.


KIPLIN METALS REVIEWS F3 URANIUM CONDUCTORS CONTIGUOUS TO ITS CLUFF LAKE ROAD (“CLR”) URANIUM PROJECT, SASKATCHEWAN

March 27th, 2023 – Kiplin Metals Inc. (TSX-V: KIP) (the “Company” or “Kiplin”) has completed a review of the electromagnetic (“EM”) conductors on, and adjacent to, the Company’s Cluff Lake Road (CLR) Uranium Project, located in northwestern Saskatchewan, which is surrounded by F3 (“F3”) Uranium Corp.’s (formerly Fission 3.0) high profile Paterson Lake North (“PLN”) Project.

In November 2022 F3 discovered the “JR” high grade uranium zone, with recently reported intersections (F3 Press Release, February 6, 2023) in drill hole PLN22-038 of 11.0 metres averaging 4.20% U3O8, including a high-grade 4.5 metre interval averaging 9.8% U3O8. The “JR” uranium zone represents the newest, basement hosted uranium deposit in the Athabasca, similar to the Triple R uranium deposit owned by Fission Uranium Corp.

  • Airborne and ground electro-magnetic (“EM”) geophysical surveys are an effective exploration tool for discovering basement hosted uranium mineralization, in association with graphitic structures and clay alteration. The F3 discovery of the JR Zone in hole PLN22-035 resulted from follow-up drilling on the “A1” conductor.
  • The Company’s CLR project is approximately 15 kilometres North-Northwest of the F3 JR Discovery Zone but is adjacent to F3’s North Conductor Complex. These conductors as indicated on the F3 website, trend South-Southeast and extend onto the Company’s CLR property. Drilling one hole (PLN22-29) on the North Conductor Complex by F3 (Press Release November 28, 2022) returned the following:

“Drill hole PLN22-029, which was the first test of the N conductor complex in the northeast part of the property, intersected highly elevated boron values over a 70 m interval within Athabasca sandstone averaging 1,051 parts per million boron from 550 to 620 m, including a 10 m interval averaging 1780 ppm boron, above graphitic faults in the basement. This is considered highly anomalous due to both the significant width of the intersection and the highly elevated concentrations. Boron is an important pathfinder element as it occurs along the structural corridors which host the uranium deposits in the Athabasca basin. Concentrations of boron in the sandstone of more than approximately 300 ppm are normally considered anomalous… Anomalous pathfinder elements, including uranium, are associated with some of the basement structures. The graphitic and sulphide-rich basement structures correspond to electromagnetic responses. The hole was originally planned to 750 m but was extended at depth to test as much geology as possible laterally toward the centre of the N conductor corridor.

  • The F3 North Conductor Complex comprises three parallel conductors over a width of one kilometre. The Company interprets potential for all three North Conductor identified by F3 to continue and extend onto the Company’s CLR property. In addition, the Company has defined both parallel and cross-cutting magnetic lineaments on their CLR property.

Following the discovery of the JR Zone, the Company views the on-trend extensions of F3’s North Conductor Complex onto the CLR property, the encouraging geology, alteration and mineralization observed in the single drill hole in the area (PLN22-029), and the radon anomalies (Press Release, October 5, 2022) and magnetic lineaments indicated on the CLR property, as very prospective for discovery of a basement hosted uranium deposit. The Company continues to review the best type of EM geophysical surveys to conduct this summer, with ongoing discussions with contractors, prior to defining drill targets.

 

The Company is the beneficiary of a 100% interest in the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project and controls all exploration and development of the Project at this time.

The Company cautions the discoveries and observations on properties in proximity to the Company’s properties are not necessarily indicative of the presence of similar mineralization or geology on the company’s properties.

Dr. Peter Born, P.Geo., is the designated qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101 and is responsible for, and has approved, the technical information contained in this release.

About Kiplin Metals Inc.

Kiplin Metals Inc. is a mineral exploration company. We create value for our shareholders by identifying and developing highly prospective mineral exploration opportunities. Our strategy is to advance our

projects from discovery all the way to production. This vertically integrated strategy allows Kiplin Metals to achieve exceptional shareholder value through the entire life-cycle of the mining process.

Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project. Kiplin Metals has the right to earn a one-hundred percent interest in the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project (the “CLR Project”). The CLR Project covers ~531ha in the southwestern Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, where several new discoveries, including the Arrow and Triple R Uranium deposits have been made. The CLR Project is 5 km east of the Cluff Lake Road (Hwy 955), which leads to the historic Cluff Lake Mine, which historically produced approximately 62,000,000 lbs of yellowcake uranium.

For further information, contact the Company at [email protected], or visit the Company’s website at www.kiplinmetals.com.

On behalf of the Board,

Kiplin Metals Inc.

For further information, contact the Company at 604-622-1199.

On behalf of the Board of Directors,

“Peter Born”
Director

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

This news release may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements within, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. There can be no assurances that such statements will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required under the applicable laws.


KIPLIN METALS TO BUILD WORK PROGRAM BASED ON RECENT REGIONAL DISCOVERIES

March 21st, 2023 – Kiplin Metals Inc. (TSX-V: KIP) (the “Company” or “Kiplin”) to build 2023 work program with a focus on recent results announced by F3 Uranium Corp. (“F3”) on their Patterson Lake North (“PLN”) Project, immediately adjacent to the Company’s Cluff Lake Road (“CLR”) Uranium Project, located in northwestern Saskatchewan.

The CLR Project covers ~531 hectares in the southwestern Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, where several new discoveries, including the Arrow and Tripe R Uranium deposits have been made.

  • On February 2nd, 2023 F3 reported a new high-grade uranium discovery in hole PLN22-038. The drill hole targeted up dip from hole PLS22-035 and returned an 11.0 m interval averaging 4.20% U3O8 including a high-grade 4.5 m interval averaging 9.8% U3O8, which further includes the ultra-high-grade core which assayed 22.9% over 1.5 m.
  • On November 21st and 30th, 2022 F3 reported a new high-grade uranium discovery in hole PLN22-035 on the PLN Project on the A1 conductor (ground (“EM”) electro-magnetic survey), which intersected 3.48 metres of total composite mineralization with greater than 10,000 counts per second, including 2.5 metres of total off-scale radioactivity (greater than 65,535 counts per second), occurring as pitchblende patches. Drill hole PLN22-035 is located approximately 15 kilometres South-Southwest of the Company’s CLR Project.

The new uranium discovery by F3 related to the North-Northwest A-1 ground EM conductor is very encouraging, and the North Conductor Complex also identified by F3, with a similar strike and which trends onto the CLR Project, represents a high priority drill target for the Company in 2023.

The Company is the beneficiary of a 100% interest in the CLR Project and controls all exploration and development of the Project. The recently completed exploration program will assist in defining drill targets. The Company is applying for the requisite permits and expects to be drilling when permits are received.  Readers are cautioned that the presence of mineralization in areas adjacent to those held by the Company is not necessarily indicative of mineralization that may existing on property held by the Company.

Dr. Peter Born, P.Geo., is the designated qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101 and is responsible for, and has approved, the technical information contained in this release.

 

About Kiplin Metals Inc.

Kiplin Metals Inc. is a mineral exploration company. We create value for our shareholders by identifying and developing highly prospective mineral exploration opportunities. Our strategy is to advance our projects from discovery all the way to production. This vertically integrated strategy allows Kiplin Metals to achieve exceptional shareholder value through the entire life-cycle of the mining process.

Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project. Kiplin Metals has the right to earn a one-hundred percent interest in the Cluff Lake Road Uranium Project (the “CLR Project”).  The CLR Project covers ~531ha in the southwestern Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, where several new discoveries, including the Arrow and Tripe R Uranium deposits have been made. The CLR Project is 5 km east of the Cluff Lake Road (Hwy 955), which leads to the historic Cluff Lake Mine, which historically produced approximately 62,000,000 lbs of yellowcake uranium.

For further information, contact the Company at [email protected], or visit the Company’s website at www.kiplinmetals.com.

On behalf of the Board,

Kiplin Metals Inc.

For further information, contact the Company at 604-622-1199.

On behalf of the Board of Directors,

“Peter Born”
Director

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

This news release may include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements within, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. There can be no assurances that such statements will prove accurate and, therefore, readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such uncertainties. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required under the applicable laws.